Antibodies by Clonality

• Monoclonal
• Polyclonal

Antibodies can selectively react to antigens and provide useful tools for many different applications revolving around the antibodies ability to detect a certain molecule of interest. Antibodies are made by immunizing a host animal with a foreign material. The animal’s B lymphocytes (or B cells) produce antibodies directed at a specific part of that foreign molecule. Each individual B cell will produce its own individual type of antibody. Following immunization, the host serum will contain polyclonal antibodies or PAbs. These antibodies are derived from different B cells and can recognize a different part of the antigen itself. Because it is a mixture of different specific antibodies, polyclonal antibodies are not specific towards one particular part of an antigen. Any change in the antigen epitope will have a less significant effect on PAb specificity. The amount of antibodies will be determined by the host species used, the larger the host, the more serum produced. MAbs or monoclonal antibodies are produced by only one type of B cell and thus are exactly the same and will bind to the same area of a given antigen. They are derived from a clone and are not only specific for a certain epitope of antigen but also identical. Thus, they are homogeneous in solution and have a defined specificity for an antigen. If the epitope of the antigen changes in the slightest, these MAbs will no longer be specific and able to bind to that part of the antigen.

Anti-CD73 antibody is the antibody to CD73 target. This is a mouse monoclonal antibody (clone AD2) which recognizes ecto-5’-nucleotidase. This is a glycoprotein anchored to the extracellular leaflet of the plasma membrane by GPI. The target is an enzyme that catalyzes the dephosphorylation of AMP to adenosine. CD73 is expressed in all different types of cells like epithelial, muscle, endothelial, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and fibroblasts. Inflammatory mediators support the expression of CD73 and its activity which eventually leads to the release of adenosine. Adenosine serves an important function in that it modulates inflammation through adenosine receptors. CD73 is expressed in a number of blood cancers including lymphoma and leukemia. Individuals who are immunodeficient usually express low levels of the CD73 protein. Anti-cytokeratin antibody is the polyclonal antibody produced in goat that binds against the cytokeratin protein. Cytokeratin protein is involved in signal transduction of class 1 cytoskeleton intermediate filaments. The antibody can bind with numerous forms of cytokeratin including cytokeratin 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 13, and 18. Thus, the cytokeratin antibody is rather broad spectrum. These anti-cytokeratin antibodies are specific cell markers and can be used in tumor identification and cataloging. The target protein helps to regulate kinases. Defects in cytokeratin cause several disorders including palmoplantar keratoderma non-epidermolytic (NEPPK) and congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (BCIE). NEPPK or diffuse orthohyperkeratotic keratoderma is a genetic disorder characterized by hornlike skin growths on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. CIE is a rare form of ichthyosis that affects skin and gives it a thickened, scaly, and flaky appearance